There may be references to adjacent properties, delineating boundaries. So, the legal description may identify lot, block, county and subdivision, acreage, and the original grant. The block, in turn, may be located by metes and bounds. This reading is subtracted from the instrument elevation to compute the elevation of the new point. This identifies a specific parcel by lot number with a given block, or subdivision plat. The measuring rod is then moved to the point for which an elevation is needed. The point where the cross hairs of the scope fall on the rod is added to the elevation of the benchmark to yield the elevation of the instrument. An assistant holds a measuring rod on the benchmark. They set up a survey scope halfway between a point of known elevation (a benchmark) and the point for which an elevation is needed. To measure elevation, surveyors use a method called leveling. They are usually placed by government surveyors. Benchmarks are permanent, fixed marks that establish the elevation of a place. Surveys rely on benchmarks as a starting point and for measuring elevations. A survey typically shows the measurements, boundaries, and contours of the land. They are used to establish and verify borders or to reveal encroachment or possible title defects, such as easements. Surveys are uncommon in the residential real estate business, but they are extremely useful when dealing with land transactions. Examples of correct directions are: N 45° 25' 20" E (North 45 degrees, 25 minutes, 20 seconds East) S 43° W N 85° E Examples of wrong directions are: E 34° S (the first reference must always be either N or S) N 98° W (angles under 90° degrees must be used) A direction using these subdivisions is presented as follows: North 60° 15' 20" West. Each degree can be subdivided into 60 minutes and each minute can be subdivided in 60 seconds. Directions are given with the use of the following symbols: Degrees: ° Minutes:' Seconds:" A 90° angle means that the axes are perpendicular to each other. It would be presented as "North 60° West." Directions are given in degrees. For example, a direction might specify north as the primary direction, an angle of 60° (degrees), and secondary direction of west. Land descriptions begin by stating the primary reference direction (either north or south) then moving either east or west around the compass a specified number of degrees, up to a maximum of 90° (degrees). If a straight line is drawn connecting north and south on a circle and another straight line is drawn perpendicular to it connecting east and west the result is a circle divided into four quadrants.The line connecting north and south is referred to as the PRIMARY REFERENCE LINE. Compass bearings are used to describe the direction of the boundary lines.
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